Why does the influenza vaccine only offer a few months of protection?
antigenic variation; influenza alters its surface antigens so antibodies formed from the previous vaccination do not bind to the new antigens.
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10
What are 3 portals of entry
mucous membranes, skin, parenteral route
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25
How are endotoxins on medical equipment tested for?
using the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, which will detect even minute amounts of endotoxin.
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15
compare and contrast contact and vehicle transmissions and give examples
contact transmision includes direct, indirect contact, droplet and congenital transmissions, vehicle Transmission are by an inanimate reservoir- air food water
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15
Define LD50 and ID50
ID50-Infectious dose for 50% of a sample population; LD50-Lethal dose for 50% of a sample population.
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trap
No points!
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fairy
Take points!
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shark
Other team loses 25 points!
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banana
Go to last place!
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15
Gram(-), not easily neutralized by antitoxin, causes general discomfort symptoms; fever,
endotoxins
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25
What are 6 ways that a pathogen avoids phagocytosis?
M protien, capsules, the ability to survive in phagolysosome, opa protien; mycolic acids, biofilms and antigenic variation, inhibit adherance
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15
Explain how A-B toxins is used to overcome host cells
Bacteria secretes toxin, B binds to host cell receptors, PM invaginates, enclosing toxin in PM as it is pinocytosed. A-B toxin separates, A inhibits cell functi
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15
Diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future • Most are zoonotic, of viral origin, and likely to be vector-borne
emerging infectious diseases
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25
What are ways viruses cause cytopathic effects in the cell?
stop cell synthesis, cause cell to release lysosomes, create inclusion bodies, fusing cells to create syncytium, chromosomal changes, loss of contact inhibition
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trap
No points!
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shark
Other team loses 25 points!
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rocket
Go to first place!
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banana
Go to last place!
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boom
Lose 50 points!
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gold
Win 50 points!
Okay!
shark
Other team loses 20 points!
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thief
Give points!
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15
A-B toxins; membrane-disrupting toxins (leukocidins, hemolysins, streptolysins), genotoxins, superantigens are all endotoxins or exotoxins?
exotoxins
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20
How and where do pathogens enter the body through the parenteral portal of entry?
they enter in breaks in the skin and mucous membranes; bites, injections and wounds
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15
states that microorganisms cause infectious diseases
