The liver is the largest parenchymal organ in the human body and performs essential metabolic and detoxification functions necessary for survival.

The liver regulates blood glucose through three major pathways: Glycogenesis – storage of glucose as glycogen Glycogenolysis – breakdown of glycogen to release

When glucose levels are high, fatty acid oxidation decreases because carbohydrate metabolism provides sufficient energy, and acetyl-CoA is redirected toward lip

Approximately 10–15% of absorbed glucose is converted into glycogen. Glycogen serves as a rapidly mobilizable energy reserve that maintains blood glucose levels

The end product of glycolysis in hepatocytes is pyruvate, which can enter mitochondrial metabolism.

Approximately 60% of absorbed glucose is utilized in oxidative metabolic pathways. This oxidation produces ATP, NADH, and NADPH, which are essential for cellula

Approximately 10 g of glucose is present in blood plasma. This level must be tightly regulated because glucose is the primary energy source for the brain and re

During hyperglycemia, hepatocytes increase the activity of pathways such as glycolysis, glycogenesis, and lipogenesis, facilitating the utilization and storage

Approximately 200 g of carbohydrates per day is considered the average requirement.

Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, a central metabolic intermediate involved in the TCA cycle, fatty acid synthesis, and ketone body formation.

The liver maintains normal blood glucose levels through glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA requires: Coenzyme A (CoA) NAD⁺ the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

The main metabolic form of carbohydrates is glucose.