Describe the bone marrow histopathologic changes in visceral leishmaniasis (reference pancytopenia)
amastigotes=Infected macrophages via reticuloendothelial->bone marrow suppression->Not good immune response->uncontrolled parasite dissemination->pancytopenia
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10
Pathogenesis of CVID
Intrinsic B cell defects -> impaired differentiation -> no immunoglobulins
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10
Explain the significance of rouleaux, pancytopenia, elevated serum protein, calcium levels, and circulating plasma cells in the presentation of multiple myeloma.
extensive monoclonal B lymphocyte proliferation->stacks RBCs together; ->overrun bone marrow->anemia; ->osteoclasts increase->hypercalcemia; M-protein spikes
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10
Identify the antiviral therapies for HIV and describe their site of action: Dolutegravir, Abacavir, Efavirenz
Differentiate between acquired and primary immune deficiency
Primary: result of genetic defects; Secondary: environmental factors - HIV
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10
Describe the effect HIV has on CD4+ T-cells.
HIV ->CD4 TH17 (activate neutrophils/protect mucoepithelium) is depleted->decrease CD4 T-> decrease TH1->not enough CD8T = infection + no control of infections
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10
What is intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) treatment for CVID?
IVIg consists of monomeric IgG purified from pooled plasma from healthy donors; reduce inflammation + increase IgG
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10
Explain how taeniasis and cysticercosis can be prevented.
treatment of human cases harboring adult T. solium (to reduce egg transmission); controlled disposal of human feces
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10
Explain the significance of the SPEP M-spike in the evaluation of multiple myeloma
A dense narrow band that is composed of a single class of immunoglobulins secreted by an abnormally expanded clone of plasma cells
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10
Describe the Ann Arbor staging system used in staging Hodgkin lymphomas and the prognostic significance.
Hodgkin: contiguous lymph spread but NOT Non-Hodgkin; Ann Harbor I-IV (lymph spread increases+organ involved) + A (no b symptoms) B (yes B sympt)->IVB is worst
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10
Discuss why you do not use albendazole to treat cysticerci (calcified cysts) in a patient with seizures and no cerebral edema
Do not treat calcified cysts with antihelminith or corticosteroids but treat with antiepileptic to control the seizures
determine if a lack of functional antibody; measuring serum levels of antibody, against vaccine antigens pneumococcal - CVID = low/absent antibody response
