When it follows a short vowel sound (e.g., badge, judge).

It contains many inconsistencies between spelling and pronunciation.

When forming the plural of words ending in these letters (e.g., bus → buses, church → churches).

Controlled practice, guided production, free production.

Proper nouns, countries, cities, nationalities, languages, months, holidays, and days of the week.

The -ie changes to -y for -ing, and sometimes only -d is added for the past tense (e.g., lie → lying, lied).

Plumber (silent b), honest (silent h), knowledge (silent k), iron (silent r).

It can be spelled c, k, ck, ch, cc, qu, q, cq, cu, que, kk, or ke.

The letters qu.

Use a word wall or spelling lists. Copy and arrange words in the right order, practice writing using models, transfer information activities, spellingbee