Hidden meaning behind a story. e.g, the conference of the birds, by the Persian poet Attar

Text: Stories, Fables, Legends

Both

Praise of rulers in the courts, but also praise of the prophets, Imams, e.g. Maddoh in Tajikistan, Ginan in South Asia.

Window Approach & Mirror Approach

Sign pointing beyond itself, e.g. Light symbolising God's guidance & presence

Example stories – The Qur’an often conveys moral and spiritual lessons through short stories or examples, making abstract truths easier to understand.

The Qur'án

are techniques that writers use to add depth, meaning, and artistry to their writing

Poem of grief, not only personal sorrow, but sorrow of the community, e.g. tragedies as Karbala

Poems: Qasida, Ginan, Ghazal, Maddoh

Figurative comparison: e.g, Imam Ali is a Lion of Allah: bravery, courage & fearlessness.

Society/Community