... implies describing the same situation, using similar lexical meaning of the units, and similar grammatical meaning of the elements.

distinguishes semantic translation - as the attempt to render as closely as possible the semantic and syntactic structures of the target language, from literal translation, when the primary senses of the lexical words of the original are tr

Every text should be equivalent to the source text ..., which means that the both texts should have one and the same communicative function. The target text should have the same impact upon the receptor as the source text has.

herb – not герб, but лекарственная трава,conductor – not кондуктор, but дирижер

I meant no harm. – Простите, я нечаянно.( in the bus). On what level has the translation done?

.... presupposes the closest possible formal correspondence between the source text and the target text.

Translation adequacy is achieved by ... types of regular correlations

In some works, literal translation is called “...” translation

Recently translation theorists have begun to relate literal translation to the so-called ...

Nevertheless, free translation is appropriate in some cases: ... translations are done with a certain degree of freedom.

Free translation is also admitted in ...

the notion of adequate translation comprises that of equivalent. According to him, an adequate target text describes the same reality as does the source text and at the same time it produces the same effect upon the receptor.