Vassals were nobles who had received land from the king. During wars, monarchs requested their help, and they formed armies with their knights.

Nobility, clergy and peasants.

Upper nobility consisted of great feudal lords who owned castles and land. Lower nobility included knights, who protected monarchs.

Serfs: bound to the land and needed the lord’s permission to travel or marry. Free peasants owned land, could make own decisions, but had to pay taxes and fees

They could not leave the land where they were born, travel, or marry without the lord’s permission.

They lived and worked in a fief, a land that belonged to a lord.

If victorious, they would return to their estates or lands. If they lost, they could lose their power, land, and even their lives.

The work was extremely hard, requiring a lot of labor to grow crops and maintain the land.

They grew wheat for bread, some vegetables, and kept animals.

Titles were passed down through generations, ensuring that power and land remained within noble families.

They had very basic tools, such as the Roman plough, sickles, and scythes, and relied on cow excrement as fertilizer.

Knights were part of the lower nobility, wore a metal suit, rode a horse, and often only owned their weapons and horses.