events that lead to the resolution

the use of clues that suggest events that have yet to occur; hints about the future events

introduces the setting, the characters and the basic situation

it is up to the reader to draw conclusions about the character based on indirect information such as dialogue, action, thoughts or other characters

the author directly states the character's traits

when a voice outside the story tells the story, but only through one character's eyes

a conversation between two characters

conflict where a character struggles against an outside force (nature, technology, person, etc.)

a reference to a well-known person, place, event, and literary work

all events leading up to the climax; introduces the conflict

the person or force that opposes or competes against the protagonist

all-knowing third person narrator who can tell readers what any character thinks or feels