Smaller tax base for income tax, lower corporate taxes, lower trade (tariffs)

Libya lost $2bn within 3 months in 2011 after start of Libyan Civil War / Arab Spring; lose money to invest in development

Malaria → lower labor productivity → higher population growth → fewer resources per capita; 90% deaths in sub-saharan African

Low income --> low savings --> low investment --> low productivity --> low income growth

GNI per capita, adult literacy rate, access to electricity

Each country will bound to have some inequalities (same value = perfect equality in these values)

Higher transportation costs (50%) + lower agricultural output

Economic development about standards of living and quality of life, economic growth just about increase in real GDP.

Since crop yields can be unstable due to external factors (e.g. weather), GDP can be very volatile if the country is over-dependent on the primary sector.

Lack of transportation infrastructure hinders efficiency (e.g. Nepal / India etc.) or lack of educational technology in Kenya hinder quality of labor resources

Life expectancy at birth, Mean years of schooling, GNI per capita at PPP

Countries with high levels of debts may not be able to fund investment projects

West Africa 4 countries and cotton exports example.