• Globalization and the global spread of English
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  • You’re in an international online game. Players from Japan, Brazil, and Egypt communicate in English to coordinate their moves.
    ELF: English used for communication among non-native speakers.
  • A student in Brazil says “I’m going to take a coffee” influenced by Portuguese.
    World Englishes: Local adaptation and nativization of English.
  • A teacher insists that only “British English” pronunciation is acceptable in class.
    Linguistic Imperialism: Dominance of native-speaker norms and linguistic hierarchy.
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