What is a reference to something well-know or famous?
allusion (sometimes allusion are made to the Bible, but they can be from anywhere)
What does ethos appeal to? Why do authors use it in their writing?
Ethos appeals to the audience's credibility and sense of trust. They want the audience to believe them and trust their ideas.
What does logos appeal to? Why do authors use it in their writing?
Logos appeals to the audience's logic and reasoning. They use it to help the audience understand their perspective.