Emotional reactions such as self-consciousness or negative feelings that may influence learning
Affective factors
explanation of grammar rules (by the teacher, in the L1) and translation of texts from and to the target language. It focuses on the written form of the language and more formal registers, and does not include very much communicative work
The grammar–translation method
This method is based in the idea that language is a set of habits and involves a lot of teacher-led drilling, learning by heart and repetition.
The audiolingual method
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