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  • Quelles étaient les différentes communautés en territoire musulman ? Who were the various communities in Muslims land?
    Berbers of North Africa, the Christian Copts of Egypt, Christians of Syria and Palestine, Persians of Iraq & Iran, Jews, Zoroastrians, Buddhists
  • Qui étaient les Ahl al-Dhimma ? Who were the Ahl al-Dhimma?
    The Christians and Jews were given the status of ‘the protected peoples’). They were given guarantees of protection, pay tax and practice their religion freely
  • Qui étaient les Mawalis ? Who were the Mawalis?
    Non-Arabs Muslims who used Arabic as their spoken language. These mawali, or ‘clients’ were required to attach themselves to Arab tribes.
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