Narcotic medications, cold packs, elevated affected limb, casting for immobilization of the joint, administration of the deficient factor.

Quality of pulses, presence of edema, skin temperature, skin color, signs of poor circulation or infection, and presence of bleeding at the site

Cyanosis, feeding difficulty, poor weight gain, dyspnea, and easy fatigued/restlessness.

Pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy

Cyanotic defects allow for mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood. Acyanotic defects don't affect oxygen in the body.

Dehydration, illness, infection, stress, higher altitude, strenuous activities, extreme temps (especially cold)

Administer with Vitamin C for absorption, food and calcium with iron decreases absorption, causes constipation and black stools, can stain the teeth