Because it is aptitude-free, highly engaging, kinesthetic, and reduces stress, making it accessible and enjoyable for learners with different needs.

Their work in cognitive science and educational psychology promoted the idea of learning as an active, developmental, and socially mediated process, supporting

H. H. Stern was a scholar of language pedagogy who advocated studying the history of language teaching to gain perspective on current practices and to guide

Chomsky challenged structuralist and behaviourist views of language, introducing ideas about innate linguistic structures that led to more flexible, eclectic, l

Vocabulary was taught through isolated word lists, and grammar through explicit, detailed explanations, with little emphasis on oral communication.

Humanistic approaches emphasised the teacher’s charisma, learners’ emotional well-being, personal expression, and the creation of a supportive, student-centred

CLT emphasises interaction, real-world communication, authentic contexts, and developing communicative competence. It emerged because audio-lingual drills did n

Lessons include introduction, concert sessions (active and passive), elaboration, and production. Music and a relaxed atmosphere lower anxiety and facilitate ac

Through structured question-and-answer exchanges, intensive oral practice, and constant interaction conducted exclusively in the target language.

Errors are seen as natural, the teacher speaks minimally, and learners discover rules through problem-solving, fostering autonomy and self-evaluation.

James Asher developed TPR. Its principles include learning through listening before speaking, physical responses to commands, stress-free learning, and parallel

It is an approach that combines techniques from various methods according to teaching contexts. Stern criticised it for lacking clear principles to guide