Waves that are activated from an outside heat source, such as a conventional hood-type hair dryer, are ___ waves.

What are the most common reducing agents used in permanent waving?

Modern acid waves are actually ___ waves, whcih are permanent waves that have a 7.0 or neutral pH.

All acid waves have three components: permanent waving lotion, neutralizer, and ___.

What determines the size of the curl in a permanent waving process?

In permanent waving, the shape and type of curl are determined by the shape and type of rod and the ___.

Hydrogen bonds are weak physical side bonds that result from an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges and are easily broken by water or heat, but reform as the hair is ___.

Most acid waves used in salons have a pH value between ___.

What is the second factor in the overall strength of the waving solution?

The ___ of the permanent waving solution is determined primarily by the concentration of the reducing agent, or thio.