The Ghibellines were those who wanted to remain independent from the Holy Roman Emperors. T or F?

In the 13th century, the podestà (mayor) had to come from a foreign city so that he could be impartial and not favor anyone. T or F?

The Popes continued to rule over Southern Italy, although there were many fights. T or F?

In modern Italian communes, the Town Council (consiglio comunale) is responsible for handling specific tasks, such as traffic or education, while the councilors (assessori) act as a small "parliament. T or F?

The General Oath Councilc was responsible for the military defense of the city only. T or F?

The two consuls were unable to be impartial and tended to favor specific local factions. T or F?

The Communes arose around 1100, when cities began to organize themselves economically, culturally, and politically. T or F?

The most important Communes mentioned in the text are Naples, Rome, Milan, and Florence. T or F?

Throughout the Low Middle Ages, Northern Italy was divided into a large number of small independent city-states. T or F?

Cities in Northern Europe often rebelled against their rulers to become independent States, just like the Italian Communes did. T or F?

At the end of his 6-month or one-year mandate, the podestà was examined by a delegation of citizens and would receive his salary only if he was reconfirmed. T or F?

The Guelfs were those who wanted to stay independent. T or F?