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15
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Narrowing refers to a lexeme’s meaning becoming more [blank].
more specific
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15
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By Middle English, what replaced case markers for expressing grammatical relationships?
Word order; French syntax inspired reliance on word order instead of case markers.
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10
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True or False: Old English relied heavily on word order to show grammatical relationships.
False; Old English used inflections, not fixed word order, to show grammatical relationships.
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20
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Over time, connotative changes can lead to what type of shift?
Denotative shifts; changes in connotation can eventually alter the literal meaning.
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trap
No points!
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fairy
Take points!
5
10
15
20
25
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gift
Win 20 points!
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banana
Go to last place!
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20
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A prescriptivist believes language change is generally...
Negative and in need of control
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25
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Which famous linguist said, “The only languages that don’t change are dead ones”?
David Crystal, a famous British linguist and descriptivist.
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20
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Which of these is an example of broadening?
"Tablet" shifting from an engraved block to a touch screen
“Google” becoming a verb for online searching
“Meat” shifting from “any food” to “animal flesh”
“Awful” shifting from “inspiring wonder” to “very bad”
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15
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True or False: Descriptivists try to enforce strict grammar and spelling rules.
False; descriptivists describe how language is used, they don’t enforce rules.
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15
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What is the opposite of deterioration, where a word gains more positive connotations over time?
Elevation; connotations become more positive over time.
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seesaw
Swap points!
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rocket
Go to first place!
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shark
Other team loses 25 points!
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banana
Go to last place!
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20
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Which of these is not a syntactic change in Middle English:
Heavier reliance on prepositions
Standardisation of present participle spelling
Growth of standardised auxiliary verbs
Increase in inflectional endings
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10
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In Early Modern English, reductions in what type of morphemes significantly impacted both nouns and verbs?
Inflectional morphemes; their reduction affected verbs and nouns in Early Modern English.
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25
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Put these synonyms in order from oldest to most recent in English: scent, smell, stench, odour.
Stench, Smell, Odour, Scent
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lifesaver
Give 20 points!
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rocket
Go to first place!
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gift
Win 25 points!
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banana
Go to last place!
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20
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Which semantic process causes a word’s connotations to become more negative over time?
Deterioration; connotations become more negative over time.
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