The study of the origin and historical development of words.

Semantic change is the evolution of word meanings. Types include broadening, narrowing, shift, amelioration, and pejoration

The process of creating new words, e.g., through prefixes or suffixes

General is everyday language, technical is specialized

A lexical gap is when a language lacks a word for a concept present in another language, due to cultural differences

Collocations are words that frequently occur together. Using them makes your language sound more natural and fluent.

Archaisms are outdated words that are no longer in common use (e.g., "thou" for "you"). Neologisms are newly coined words or expressions (e.g., "selfie" or "goo

Borrowed words are studied by examining their origin, how they were incorporated into the language, and how their meanings and forms may have changed over time.

Words that are spelled or pronounced the same but have different meanings.

A word with multiple related meanings, like "bank" (financial institution or riverbank).