Discourse old is.. a) Is that which has been evoked in the prior discourse. b) Is that which the speaker believes to be present within the hearer’s knowledge store. c) Both. (a & b)

What means POSET: a) partially ordered set. b) partially overhead set. c) partially overlook set.

PVNP: a) Postverbal noun problems. b) Preverval noun phrase. c) Postverbal noun phrase.

What kind of Discourse-old is this: C. Have you send the resume? T: Yeah. Both the resume and the recommendation letters. a) Alternate values. b) Higher value. c) Lower value

What kind of Discourse-old is this: G: Do you like this saga (lord of the rings)? M: Yeah, the two towers I really like. a) Alternate values. b) Higher value. c) Lower value.

Mention the 3 basic approaches by Prince (1992): a) Focus / Poset, Old to the discourse vs Old to the hearer, Linking relationships. b) Focus / Presupposition, New to the discourse vsNew to the hearer, Linking relations.

Presentational there-sentences: a) Represents information that is given. b) PVNP there-sentences is both hearer-new and discourse-new. c)There-sentences are unnacceptable.

Postposing: a) Anchoring and Tigger. b)Any construction in which a lexically governed phrasal constituent appears. c)It is a construction sharing common syntactic structure.

Existential there-sentences: a) PVNP is constrained to represent entities that are not familiar to hearer. b)Appears on the canonical subject position. c)Represents information that is new.

Preposing: a) It is new information and old information. b) It is any construction in which a lexically governed phrasal constituent. c)It is a class of construction sharing common syntactic structure.